Joints
How each joint moves, what holds it together, how it gets injured, and what crosses it.
Shoulder
- Acromioclavicular joint
The small joint where the collarbone meets the top of the shoulder blade. Which ligaments hold it, how it moves, how it is injured or worn, and what studies report about healing.
- Shoulder joint
The ball-and-socket joint between the upper arm bone and the shoulder blade. How it moves, what holds it in place, the forces measured across it, how it dislocates or wears, and what crosses it.
Elbow
- Elbow joint
The hinge between the upper arm and the forearm, with two more joints in the same capsule. How it moves, what steadies it, the loads it carries, how it gets injured, and what studies report about recovery.
Wrist & hand
- Wrist joint
Eight small bones and the joints between them and the forearm. How the wrist moves, how load crosses it, how it is hurt in falls and sport, what studies of gymnasts found, and what connects to it.
Spine
- Sacroiliac joint
The joint on each side of the pelvis where the sacrum meets the ilium. How it carries the trunk's load, how far it moves, what scans show in people without pain, and how it changes with load and childbirth.
- Spine
The column of 24 vertebrae, with the discs and small joints between them. How each region moves, the loads it carries, how its joints wear with age, what studies found about adaptation, and what connects to it.
Hip
- Hip joint
The ball-and-socket joint between the thigh bone and the hip bone. How it moves, what holds it together, the forces it carries, how it wears or dislocates, and what crosses it.
Knee
- Knee joint
The joint where the thigh bone, shin bone and kneecap meet. How it bends and locks, what holds it together, how it gets injured or wears, what studies found about recovery, and what crosses it.
Foot & ankle
- Ankle joint
The joint where the shin bones grip the top of the talus. How it moves, what holds it together, how it gets sprained and worn, what studies found about healing, and what crosses it.